REVIEW ARTICLE
Progress in the Recycling and Reuse of Metals in End-of-Life Photovoltaic Modules: A Review
1
College of Metallurgy and Environment, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou, China
Submission date: 2025-11-21
Final revision date: 2026-06-26
Acceptance date: 2026-07-14
Online publication date: 2026-09-17
Publication date: 2026-09-17
Corresponding author
Fei Li
College of Metallurgy and Environment, Lanzhou University of Technology, Qilihe District West Lake Street Lanzhou Universit, 730050, Lanzhou, China
College of Metallurgy and Environment, Lanzhou University of Technology, Qilihe District West Lake Street Lanzhou Universit, 730050, Lanzhou, China
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 2026;36(3):38-88
KEYWORDS
photovoltaic module recyclingseparationmetal recoveryhydrometallurgypyrometallurgyelectrochemical processes
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The expansion of photovoltaics (PV) creates an increasing end-of-life management challenge. Retired modules contain recoverable materials alongside hazardous and critical elements. This critical review evaluates recycling and metal-recovery routes, focusing on crystalline silicon modules and relevant thin-film technologies. Mechanical, thermal, hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, electrochemical, deep eutectic solvent and bioleaching routes are compared for recovery, purity, selectivity, resource demand, environmental risk and industrial readiness. High laboratory recoveries alone do not establish industrial feasibility. Scale-up remains constrained by hazardous reagents, wastewater, off-gases, residues, heterogeneous feeds, product quality and uncertain economics. Future recycling should combine high recovery with transparent mass balances, life-cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, closed-loop reagent management and verified pilot- or commercial-scale performance.
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| eISSN: | 2450-8594 |
| ISSN: | 2080-5187 |
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